Journal of Global Health

Malnutrition among infants aged under six months (u6m) is a global public health problem. As countries begin implementing 2023 WHO malnutrition guidelines, local prevalence and epidemiology must be well understood. We analysed Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey data (2004 - 2022), describing the prevalence and time trends of infant u6m wasting (weight-for-length z-score [WLZ] <-2), stunting (length-for-age z-score [LAZ] <-2), and underweight (weight-for-age z-score [WAZ] <-2). In bivariate and...

IntroductionAccess to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing and treatment remains low globally. HCV self-testing (HCVST) may facilitate diagnosis and cure. We analysed treatment uptake and outcomes following a positive HCVST result in three distinct African epidemic contexts. MethodsA multi-country cohort study nested within HCVST implementation programmes in Cameroon, Nigeria, and South Africa (May 2023-May 2024). Adults ([&ge;]18 years) with positive HCVST results were followed through confirmatory...

BackgroundThe United Nations General Assembly High-level Meeting on Antimicrobial Resistance (UNGA HLM-AMR) committed to a target that 70% of global human antibiotic use (ABU) should be from the Access group of the WHO AWaRe system. MethodsWe used 2019 IQVIA MIDAS(R) global ABU Quarterly value sales, volumes (kg/SU) and average ex-manufacturer prices to evaluate price per daily defined dose (DDD) by AWaRe group across countries. IQVIA MIDAS volumes/value data reflect public, private, or mixed s...

ObjectiveTo investigate the burden of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and its association with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and linear growth amongst infants in rural Central Java, Indonesia. Study designA longitudinal study of 119 infants aged between 5-19 months was conducted in five villages of Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia. Anthropometric measurements of infants and their mothers were performed at baseline and 5-month follow-up alongside a quantitative question...

BackgroundMaternal immunization (MI) can prevent major infectious diseases in mothers and children by boosting the immunity of pregnant women. Antenatal care (ANC) delivery platforms could be leveraged to effectively provide MI. Adding MIs into ANC could potentially enhance ANC services, positively influencing both maternal and infant health outcomes and yielding broader benefits. We model these potential ANC-mediated health benefits in five low- and middle-income countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, Ken...

BackgroundThe never-ending emergence of superbugs casts a shadow over the victorious age of antibiotics. In fact, the triumph of antibiotics was previously viewed in retrospection as our final victory over bacteria. Bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli are now raising an alarming number of infections across hospitals and communities around the globe. The objective was to evaluate the implications for antimicrobial stewardship based on identifying the...

ObjectiveTo characterize associations between tattooing and health status. MethodsWe used data from [~]27,000 respondents to the 2020-2022 Utah Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Multivariable Poisson regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associating ever receiving a tattoo with physical/mental health status. ResultsIn this cross-sectional study, ever receiving a tattoo was associated with self-reported "poorer" vs. "excellen...

BackgroundNewborns requiring inpatient care, particularly small and sick newborns (SSNBs), face high risk of mortality. Newborns referred from other facilities may experience worse outcomes than those born and managed within the same hospital (inborn newborns). Understanding factors contributing to this disparity in outcomes could support efforts to scale-up care and accelerate progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals target 3.2. MethodsData on 130,773 newborns admitted to 13 ho...

IntroductionNational surveys in Pakistan are typically representative only at national or provincial levels, leaving large uncertainties in district-level contraceptive prevalence. This obscures local heterogeneity and limits data-driven program planning. Administrative data, although more frequent and detailed, are often underused due to reporting and measurement challenges. This study develops a multi-source small area estimation (SAE) framework to generate district-level estimates of contrace...

Childhood malnutrition remains a major public health challenge in Ethiopia, where stunting and wasting co-exist but may arise from distinct spatial and etiological processes. Analyses focusing on a single outcome may overlook the interdependence of these conditions and their geographic heterogeneity. This study aimed to disentangle the determinants of stunting and wasting among children under five years of age using a Bayesian bivariate spatial modelling framework. Data from 5,405 children inclu...

Background Acute malnutrition remains a major public health challenge among children under five in Malawi due to undetected and untreated cases. While several policies and programmes are in place, they face significant resource input and implementation constraints. In this study, we evaluate the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of three interventions designed to address constraints along the care pathway in childhood acute malnutrition management. These include improving early reco...

From 2021 to 2025, MRSA emerged as a major multidrug-resistant pathogen in the study area. Among 545 S. aureus isolates, 67.2% were MRSA, disproportionately affecting children under five (26.5%) and males (55.5%). Case incidence more than doubled by 2025, suggesting rising transmission or resistance. Most isolates were hospital-associated (85.2%), predominantly from outpatients (88.5%), with middle ear discharge as the main source (67%). Gentamicin showed the highest susceptibility (72.1%), whil...

ObjectivesTo quantify how urine sample type and polymicrobial context impact antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in urinary tract infections (UTIs), using routine diagnostics at scale. MethodsIn this retrospective, single-centre study, we analysed 188,687 urine cultures from the Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (January 2015 to May 2023). We compared midstream urine (MU), indwelling catheter (IDC), and intermittent catheter (IMC) samples. Samples were classified a...

BackgroundMaternal anaemia remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with Nigeria bearing a disproportionate burden. Although treatment with intravenous (IV) iron formulations such as ferric carboxymaltose offer clinical advantages over oral iron, their uptake in routine maternal care in LMICs is limited. ObjectiveThis study critically assessed organisational readiness and identified context-specific facilitators and barriers to the...

BackgroundEmergency Departments (EDs) are crucial to managing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), a leading cause of death, yet there is limited information about the capacity and accessibility of emergency care in Kenya. MethodsUsing data from Project 47, a national dataset on EDs, we conducted a secondary analysis to assess capacity for NCD care, as guided by the WHO Package for Essential NCD Interventions for Primary Care (WHO PEN). ResultsOf the 186 facilities included in the assessment, 45....

Background The Hump-nosed pit viper is a recognized but neglected medically significant species causing morbidity and mortality, with non-availability of a specific antivenom. There are many gaps in our understanding of its envenomation, including burden, clinical syndrome, complications and management. Methodology The study is a retrospective sub analysis of the Prospective VENOMS registry and hospital records of Hump Nosed Pit Viper envenomation from a single tertiary care center in coastal Ka...

BackgroundText messages are a low-cost digital health solution that can provide information directly to mothers. We aimed to evaluate a text message program, called Essential Coaching for Every Mother Tanzania (ECEM-TZ), designed to improve maternal access to essential newborn care education during the immediate 6-week postnatal period. MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ECEM-TZ consists of standardized text messages from birth to 6 weeks postpartum t...

BackgroundHome disciplinary practices shape childrens health and development. Yet, comprehensive, up-to-date global evidence on their levels, trends, and socioeconomic and regional inequalities remains limited. This study provides the first global prevalence estimates of both violent and non-violent forms of discipline, examining regional disparities, variations by child and family characteristics, and changes over time. MethodsWe drew from 176 nationally-representative Multiple Indicator Clust...

BackgroundHuman milk (HM) bioactive components can have immune modulatory functions, impact the gut microbiome, and may result in functional benefits when added to infant formula (IF). In this single-arm, prospective, intervention study, we tested the effectiveness of an IF with a whey protein concentrate co-enriched in -lactalbumin, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), and Sn-2 palmitate resulting in protein and lipid profiles observed in HM. The outcomes tested were feeding tolerance, Bifidobacte...

BackgroundPostnatal care is crucial for assessing and improving the health of both mothers and newborns, yet its coverage remains low in Ethiopia. Timely, high-quality postnatal care, especially within the first week after birth, is essential to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Family-led postnatal care is an innovative model for reaching postnatal mothers and newborns during the first week after birth. Leveraging self-care principles, mothers, with the support from family and guided by a...